Driving on liquid sunshine – the Brazilian biofuel experience: a policy driven analysis

This paper analyses Brazil's experience with biofuels, focusing on the central role of the federal government as the main force driving the implementation of alternative locally produced ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and biodiesel. The pioneering, large scale ethanol programme that started over 30 years ago can be considered the most successful experience with the use of biofuels to date, as the government was able to rapidly implement the use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as a substitute for petrol in the 1970s and 1980s. The work contributes to the general discussion of sustainable and renewable energy sources and sets out the key policy mechanisms used. The paper also innovatively looks at the second large governmental intervention in the renewable fuels market – the biodiesel programme. In addition to the contribution to the debate surrounding command‐and‐control measures and economic incentive instruments, the paper analyses how lessons learned from the ethanol experiment were taken into consideration in the design and implementation of the biodiesel mandate, including social and environmental facets. It emphasizes the uniqueness of producing sugarcane ethanol in the Brazilian context and how attempts to carry out similar fast growing biofuels programmes may not be possible in other parts of the world. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Welfare Implications of Community Forest Plantations in Developing Countries: The Orissa Social Forestry Project

Community forest plantations are a common intervention in developing countries. We use household and remote sensing data from Orissa, India, to estimate welfare effects of community forest plantations, in terms of the value of decreased collection times plantations afford users. A selection model, accounting for possible jointness in site location and productivity, is used to estimate collection production functions for different household labor categories in natural and community forests. Two measures of an opportunity cost of time are used to determine welfare effects of time saved due to community forests. We find access to community forests is important to marginal productivity of different labor categories, but to different degrees, highlighting the need to disaggregate household data when analyzing these interventions. We also find substantial welfare improvements from time savings for many households and villages.     

关于建设渝滇高速公路的思考

建设渝滇高速,有助于开发攀西、黔中丰富的矿产、能源资源,使其成为重庆、成都老工业城市的原燃料基地;同时它也是中国腹地通往陆上边境国的为数不多的国防通道,对于推动成渝地区与东南亚各国边贸发展、改善沿线老少边穷地区生活状况、缩短西南各省区通达距离、强化西南区域内产业的互补性和协作性等都具有十分重要的意义.     

航空兵场站油料库存控制策略研究

给出了评价库存控制策略的四个指标,研究了依据油料消耗、补充期的历史数据或仿真数据确定场站油料库存控制策略的方法。经实例分析,其控制策略比现行控制策略更合理。     

Waste, recycling, and “Design for Environment”: Roles for markets and policy instruments

Households sometimes have two recycling options. Curbside recycling collections are convenient, but do not provide payment. Alternatively, payment might be available from ‘reverse vending machines’ or drop-off centers, but some transaction costs would be incurred. We examine policies to encourage efficient product design and recycling in a setting with these two recycling options plus the option of putting recyclables in the trash. We find value in having two parallel recycling options. Constrained optimal outcomes can be attained by combining a ‘deposit–refund’ with a modest disposal fee. Furthermore, producers should not be permitted to keep deposits, that are not claimed by consumers.     

Solid Work在包装机械课程教学中的应用

通过分析包装机械专业课程的特点，提出了目前包装机械课程教学上存在的难点和问题，并在理论教学中利用SolidWork2007实现包装机械机构运动模拟和三维模型设计，为包装机械理论课程教学提供一定的方法。     

南沙油库燃料油装船合理调度的研究

针对一起燃料油装船的案例,使用运筹学的原理和方法,根据实际情况建立了运输模型,利用QMfor windows软件求解该运输模型,得出了油泵输送燃料油装船耗电量最小的分配方案,并将此最佳分配方案与平时的常规操作方案进行了比较。另外还讨论了码头升级后燃料油罐装船新的最佳分配方案。     

燃料乙醇产业的经济学分析

中国经济发展凸显能源问题,作为一种新型可替代能源,燃料乙醇产业的发展令人瞩目,国内燃料乙醇产能扩大已经成为无法阻挡的趋势。中国燃料乙醇的生产技术、原料、供应、产业开发、政府扶持政策等方面都有了初步起色,具有乐观的经济前景。     

应用在固态发射机上的高性能特种开关电源

某型号固态发射机，要求电源提供20kW的功率，同时满足现代固态发射机对电源的高性能的要求，为此，设计运用5台40V／100A的开关电源模块以并联均流的工作方式为发射机提供电源。本文详细介绍了40V／100A开关电源模块的主要技术指标、系统组成和工作原理，给出了主要元件的设计方法，概述了选择低温器件的思路，最后给出了样机的实验结果。实验结果表明，所提出的电路方案是切实可行的。     

垃圾气化处理新技术研究

垃圾是一种有价值的燃料来源，垃圾气化所产生的燃气，具有较高的热值，既能燃烧发电，又可用于采暖、供城市燃气。首先介绍了垃圾气化技术的国内外研究及应用现状，然后介绍了一种利用生物质粉体燃料为热能的外加热式垃圾气化炉的工艺流程。